Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

mankind imaging - Essay ExampleEssentially, it points directly to the contributions of the employees with regards to the underlying bottom line of the company by delineating employees as an valuable imaging. In order to fully understand this notion, it is necessary for us to operationally define man resource management. Simms (2002) offers one of the most clear and concise definition of human resource management when he indicated that human resources management wasthe term increasingly used to refer to the philosophy, policies, procedures, and practices related to the management of an organizations employees. Human resources management is whileicularly concerned with all the activities that contribute to successfully attracting, developing, motivating, and maintaining a high-performing workforce that results in organizational success (Sims 2002).One of the primary functions of human resource management is to improve knowledge, skills and attitudes that enable employees to perf orm tonic and future jobs in order to help organizations achieve success. (Rothwell & Kazanas 1994). In fact Philip and Shaw (1998) stated that an integral part of human resource management needs to be that of training the employees and equipping them to deal with the rapid wobble in technology. This is tied into many other human resource functions such as recruitment, retention, creation of new positions, work systems and performance management systems. These systems would need to be aligned with the organizations missions and goals. Alignment would ensure that the training offered is what is demand to achieve the mission and goals of the organization. planning is a very broad term that has many definitions and uses in the literature. Training is the process of getting the right knowledge, skills and abilities at the right time, in the elucidate way and in the correct priority order to an employee. The training process is aimed at preparing individuals to perform current and f uture jobs (DeSimone &

The tattooed soldier Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The tattooed soldier - Essay ExampleAntonio and Elena are forced to flee to rural San Cristobal. But even there the dormant revolutionary zeal makes her take up the issue for the fatal practices of the local sanitation company. In retaliation, one ill-fated day, she and her young son are shot dead. introductory they had thought of going to Mexico. Hector Tobar writes, Perhaps they could move to Mexico. Save enough money to move to Mexico or the United States. A gift where they could be safe, and their daughter or son could be educated. A place where you could speak your mind and there were no soldiers on the street. (p.118) After the death of Elena and his son, sensing danger to his life, Antonio flees to Los Angeles. once in Los Angeles, he finds life much more difficult and risky. He cannot forget Elena and suffers from intense bash pangs. The novel begins with the scene of his landlord giving him final notice of eviction and Antonio is busy packing up his insufficient belo ngings. In the process of packing, he is overwhelmed to see a photograph. What is his reaction, when he sees it? Hector Tobar writes, He discovered a forgotten photograph of his wife and son, taken years ago in Quetzaltenango against a painted ground of fanciful lakes and volcanoes. Of all things. He raised the photograph to his lips and tried to fight off the rush of memories that began to knit and rumble like thunder behind his eyes. This picture is the sadness of me, the tragedy of me. (p.7)In Los Angles, he expected a better life.

The asset pricing models CAPM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The asset pricing ensamples CAPM - Essay grammatical caseFor instance, if investor A buys more of stocks of X than Y, then every investor in the mart will react the akin by buying of stocks X and less of Y. Therefore, from this illustration and the aforementioned explanation, it is evident that the two models assumes that the investors in the market evaluate the learning they have in the same way, hence arriving at the same decisions regarding their investment activities. However, abandoned that investors have homogeneous expectations concerning their returns, level of risk inherent and investment strategies, they will always tend to bear risk averse (Sharpe, 1964).From the explanation above, it is clear that the models of APT and CAPM depend on the publicly available study concerning the returns and level of risk inherent in specific securities (Watson and Head, 2007). Therefore, the models do not specify any extra information that investors should use regarding their invest ment decisions but assume the investor will use the most current information available in the market concerning the different securities, thus, helping them choose the best investment strategies.The proponents of the APT entreat that the model is the best alternative to the CAPM because it has more assumptions requirements that are flexible (Reilly & Brown, 2011). For instance, whereas the capital asset pricing model uses the expected return of a security, APT uses a securitys risk expected return, in addition to, the risk premiums of a couple of macro-economic elements. Therefore, from this proposition it is undeniable that CAPM has more strong assumptions compared to the APT. For instance, whereas the CAPM assumes that there exists a risk free rate in the market, the APT model tries to identify risk premium to modify investors take advantage of any mispriced securities, which is different from the

Essay about Karma Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

near Karma - Essay ExampleNowadays, some people believe in karma, some dont that I calculate the principle of karma is very fair and makes sense. Imagine how great it would be if all our actions and thoughts would bend our karma and then our life. It would certainly make the world a better place. I dont hunch forward for sure, clean as nobody else, if karma exists but Id like to think it does.Lets pee-pee a look at how it works in real life. There was this hockey game, stops was playing against Colorado. During the game one of the players wanted to pull in the hockey puck but missed and accidentally hit a player. The player got injured in the nose and as he was leaving the ice to reduce some help, one of the winnows started making fun of his injury and calling him names. The player didnt say anything and just left the rink. Several minutes after that one of the players did a bad hit on the puck and it accidentally flew over the glass fence that separates the spectators from players and hit one of the fans on the head. The funniest thing is that it was the same guy rope who was making fun of the player several minutes before that. The player then approached the fan and told him something. The fan probably learnt this lesson as he was laughing at himself at the end of the game.Some people exponent say that it was an accident and that these two injuries have no connection between them but I think that this situation shows us that being mean to people around you might in the end have negative effect on you.After all when you start thinking about it there is a lot of real life examples that prove this point, there is even a saying from the Bible that those you start with the sword will be killed with the same sword. What goes around comes around. You can call it karma or any different word you like but there is a system of justice in the world and kinda or later everyone gets what he deserves. That is why you should be good and kind with other people i f you

HR (Evaluation and Effectiveness of remuneration practices in a chosen Essay

HR (Evaluation and Effectiveness of net income practices in a chosen organisation) - Essay ExampleSince then, the connections energy business was publicly introduced as the Origin Energy. Serving more than 3 trillion customers in Australia and the Pacific today, the company employs almost 4,000 employees throughout Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Region (Origin, 2009b).Due to the irritated competition in the energy sector, the practice of pirating an employee from one business organization to another becomes difficult to control. By offering Origins warring employees a higher salary and more attractive wellbeing packages, companies that produce and sell energy products could easily hire and convince these talented people to shift their the true and service to them.Given that Origin Energy is serving more than 3 million valued clients in Australia alone, the HR manager at Origin Energy is being challenged to offer competitive pay packages to its competitive employees i n order to ensure that its competitive employees would remain loyal to the company. In line with this, the effectiveness of remuneration practices at Origin Energy will be thoroughly examined followed by providing recommended solution on how the HR manager will be able to lessen the turnover rate of its employees.The main purpose of remuneration practices at Origin Energy is not only limited in compensating employees in exchange for the services they have rendered to the company but also attract more competitive individuals to join the team for a long period of time. In line with motivating competitive people to actively participate in managing the daily operations of the company, remunerating practices offered by the company aims to retain the best employees who have the necessary skills needed by the business (Origin, 2009d).Remuneration packages offered to Origins executive and non-executive directors as well as its employees varies from one

Beatles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Beatles - Essay ExampleA simple percussion that is consistent throughout does not harness but simply backs the moderate tempo of the song. However, the changing progressions and phrasing throughout the song gives the illusion of a changing tempo and time signature. The instrumentation is built on top of a bass production line that is an Oom pah sound reminiscent of a military march or civic band. In the first half(prenominal) of the song, this is accompanied with a strummed acoustic guitar that compliments the percussion. In the last verse, Harrison introduces a picked instrument, probably a 12 string guitar, that plays counter melody and gives the song a Mediterranean or Eastern sound not unlike the sitar used in later works.Girl, like many of the songs on the album, was mixed with altogether the vocals on one channel and the instruments on the other. This was a move toward greater use and experimentation in the studio. Many of the elements of Girl would be expanded on and would show up on their subsequent recordings.

Do you agree with the view that new communication technologies Essay

Do you agree with the view that new communication technologies accentuate gender inequalities in transnational family c are-giving arrangements - Essay idealIn simple words, transnational families are defined as those families, where the members of the family stay in distinct nations for a long period of the time. The concept of transnational families have emerged on the basis of the notion that migration is a undying process and that migration can help obtaining better well-being opportunities. Due to these principle reasons, it is very commonly sight that an increasing number of people are attempting to migrate from one country to the other. However, economic challenges presented due to migration on these individuals often restrict them from taking their entire family to their host country, and thus have to leave back tooth their family in the country of their origin. In this situation, the families try to keep in touch with their family members through the various forms of di gital media communication channels such as Skype, sociable networking sites, and using the mobile networks. The system of leaving few of the members of the family behind and migrating to some other country or places is determined as a temporary solution of the problem, which whitethorn range from personal reasons to the economic reasons, such as need for better job opportunities (Coface, 2012).In the preceding days, it was very commonly observed that the male members of the family used to leave their family behind in the hometown and move on to the other places in search of a better job. However, now with the modern age, it has been observed that the female members are also relocating to the other places, reflecting a distinct trend from that observed in the earlier days. Arguably, it can be affirmed that it is due to the modernisation of the world and the introduction of the new communication technologies, which has brought about changes in the social environment. This popularity of the female members can be asserted as the significant blessing of the transnational families. In identify words, the transnational families have introduced a

The discovery of DNA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The discovery of desoxyribonucleic acid - strain ExampleThe two strands of the helix run in opposite directions (1 up and 1 down). The inside(a) edges of the helices are formed by the nitrogenous bases and they run in pairs. Adenine pairs with thymine with 2 heat content bonds and cytosine pairs with guanine with 3 hydrogen bonds (Murray et al, 2007). Though this post dictate side-to-side pairing, there is no clue about the order along the molecule. According to Watson and Crick, the variety in genetical code can be due to the variability along the molecule. DNA replicates itself through semi-conservative replication. The DNA molecule first unzips and fresh matching bases are added to create new molecules of DNA. Thus each new molecule of DNA has 1 old strand and one new strand (Murray et al, 2007).The discovery history of DNA can be dated back to 1870s and 1890s when mitosis and meiosis were discovered. In 1928, Frederick Griffiths experiment on pneumonia bacteria and mice hin ted that DNA was the genetic code material. In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase performed an experiment on viruses and hinted that viral genetic code material was DNA and not protein capsid. In the early 1950s, Rosalind Franklin attempted to figure out the structure of DNA using peppy back of X-rays but failed. However, she had some photographs of DNA crystallography and from these photographs, James Watson and Francis Crick determined that the structure of DNA was forked helix. The duo received Nobel prize for this in 1962 (Biology education, 1996).DNA is present in the chromosomes of most of the living beings. The human being genome approximately has 3 billion base pairs of DNA which are arranged in the 23 pairs of chromosomes. chronological sequence pieces of DNA form genes which carry vital information. The genetic information is achieved by complementary base pairing. Transmission, agreement and translation are the steps involved in transmission of

Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Polyvinylchloride (PVC) - essay ExamplePVC is highly unstable and therefore it requires stabilization which can be done in several ways. One of the common ways is prevention of dehydrochlorination. This process involves the addition of other compounds like alloy oxides in order to stop or slow dehydroclorination.Most of the commercially available PVC is mum to be anamorphous glass like polymer that has crystalline structure. These crystallites atomic number 18 made up of few monomers that are logical syndiotactically. As much(prenominal), the appearance appears to be flowing grains that has primary aggregates embedded in them. It is often claimed that there are sub-primary particles embedded in the flowing grains but this has remained controversial. The PVCs phase structure combines with several compounds such as chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer (EVA) and acrylo-nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR). This phase is predicated upon compatibility as well as process temperature and blending during automatic blending. An increase of the temperature during mechanical processing of PVC to levels higher than the critical levels recommended for first degree particle nuclear fusion reaction leads to shift. The shift leads to an inversion whereby there is a higher rubber content with 30% being non

Read, The Master Builder by Ibsen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Read, The Master Builder by Ibsen - Essay ExampleIbsens the Master Builder was written during the new-fashioned period of Ibsens life and reflects the more symbolic aspects of these works. Even as the Master Builder has been classified inwardly the symbolic spectrum of Ibsens ouevre, his underlining realist prose reveals a number of direct themes. In examining the Master Builder a number of worthy questions are necessary to consider within the context of the work. This essay examines the Master Builder, considering whether the story of Halvard Solness can be considered a tragedy, and whether the conclusion of the play is inevitable.In considering whether the story of Halvard Solness is a tragedy its necessary to consider the motley aspects of his life that contribute to both sides of this argument. In the first act, Ibsens Master Builder begins through put togethering the dynamics of the primary(prenominal) characters. Ibsen indicates that while Rangnar and Kaia are scheduled t o be married, Halvard is indicated to have a relationship with Kaia such that she is hesitant of her sum to Rangnar because of her feelings for Solness. In addition to this relationship, Ibsen established one of the prevailing plot elements throughout the play the need for Solness to authorise Rangnars plans before Rangnars father Brovik passes away from his unspecified illness. In these regards, Brovik himself visits Solness to ask him for his aid to which Solness refuses to help. The reason Ibsen explores these narrative elements is to establish much of the complications regarding Solness life, as they point towards Solness living a duplicitous and somewhat morally unstable existence. They in like manner demonstrate that Solness has had a number of elements in his life that have had a positive effect. For instance, Brovik states, that did not check you from setting to work and pushing your way up and taking the wind out of my sails mine, and so legion(predicate) other peop les to which Solness responds, Yes, you see circumstances favored me

Metal Detectors Create a Hostile Learning Environment Research Paper

Metal Detectors Create a contradictory Learning Environment - Research Paper ExampleThis report declares that the writer of Metal Detectors Create a Hostile Learning Environment begins by painting a vivid picture of a school m security check conducted by police officers in Wadleigh high school and which is archetypical of what has become car park practice in New York schools. They come in the morning and inst altogether alloy detectors through which all students must pass before entering the school and cause about 3 hours of class time to be lost. This way he builds up argument that the security precautions are disruptive and hostile to learners. He is able to defend this through the description of the rough treatment the students receive at the hands of the police. Ideally, a school is supposed to have a culture of its own known and understood by the teachers and students. This subject makes a conclusion that the writer describes how the police totally disrupt the school progra m and cause almost a third of the learners to miss at least a class. They carried out this swoop without prior score yet according to a press release by New York City mayor Michael R. Bloomberg Posters should be prominently displayed to notify students and the school community of any searches scheduled in their school well in advance. The writer argues that these searches expose the learners to unnecessary invasion when he states, Officers selected some students for additional scanning with handheld metal detectors, requiring them to lean against a table or wall, spread their legs, hold their arms out, and lift each invertebrate foot to be wanded.

Philosophy in daily experience Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophy in daily experience - Assignment ExampleThe all thing she wanted was that because of her children taking part in extracurricular activities their grades should not suffer. I told her that it would be a pleasure for me if I could ease her to deal with this issue. She smiled and said that perhaps I could help her by lecture to my cousin and make her understand that how important education is. I agreed and went to my cousins room. epigram was awake, reading Inferno. I knocked the door and she asked me to come in. After greeting her I sat next to her on her bed. I asked her about her result. She said that she is not happy with it but still her only priority is hoops at the moment and education is merely a formality for her. I asked her if I could see the take hold she is reading. She handed me the book. I said that does she even know that what this book is about. She said she has just started it and she is not and clear about the concept of the book. I said if I was Dante from the book I would summarize the unit concept of this book as people who end up in hell are the ones who do not have the knowledge about what is right and wrong the knowledge that we can only shape up through education (Dantes Inferno).She seemed quite interested in what I was trying to explain it to her. She said that she ever so thought that education is just a formality for her and nothing else. I paraphrased one of the most far-famed quoted from Aristotles Metaphysics which goes something like this that every person needs wisdom to deal with the principles and causes of things. I told her that there is nothing wrong with making her career in sports but as Aristotle says education will definitely help her to deal with problems and will help her to deal with things (Aristotles Metaphysics). I told her that education is the source of turning the minds of the people towards good, harmonize to Plato. It helps us to come out of the darkness and see the sun. Sally

Customer Satisfaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6750 words

Customer Satisfaction - Essay ExampleThe product development oscillation starts with the assessment of the customers needs and ends when the design is finally released. In this highly competitive environment world split organizations ar supposed to implement the TQM strategy in order to continually seek better performance. In the world we live today, it must be amply clear thatIn fact these guiding principles are inextricably linked to each other and development of this thought along with the development of other demarcation processes can lead to about form of a competitive advantage in the market. The modern flock of prime(a) is that products should totally satisfy the customers needs and expectations in every respect on a continual basis. This new concept calls for a well designed product with functional perfection, providing satisfaction beyond customers expectation, justice in service and absolute empathy with customer. TQM therefore encompasses a see of critical factor s (Powell, 1995 Li et al., 2003 Arawati, 2005). In general, some of these critical factors can be identified asTop counseling commitment The top heed of a company must be convinced enough to adopting type control programmes. This will service in conditioning the attitude of other departmental heads to regularly monitor the quality aspect. strategicalStrategic planning Strategic planning is a process which, through an examination of external and internal factors for an organisation, results in a set of mission, purpose, objectives, policies, plans and programmes for implementation.Customer focus A progressive organisation is supposed to have a strategy for quality which is based on customer perceptions of quality. Customer service after the sale of a product is considered as important as the quality of the product itself.Benchmarking It is the process of following the best in the industry. Human alternative management Human resources form the crucial part of any organisation. Th ey are the key players in producing and delivering quality.provider relationship Suppliers too have a role in quality assurances as their role encompasses the identification, acquisition, access, positioning, and management of the resources required for the product and the company.Continuous improvement Improvement is a never ending cyclic process. harvest-feast Quality requires to be continually improved to remain in the competition.Quality information system How the quality principles are being implemented in the company and if required the management can decide to treat a corrective course of action midway, is determined by the Quality Information System (QIS).It was in early 90s that the concept of Total Quality Management started being promoted as a way for contrast to wring out inefficiencies and boost productivity. TQM was considered the only way to effectively compete with the Japanese dominance in the manufacturing sector. It is a description of the culture, attitude and organization of a company that strives to provide customers with products and services satisfying their needs.KLEEMANNs activities1 engage both the manufacturing and

Purpose of study Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Purpose of hit the books - Personal Statement ExampleYou can study through the net and comp atomic number 18 the price of the harvest-feast that you wish to buy by scanning through hundreds of choices, and in many cases, with the return guarantee, if you argon non satisfied about the quality of the product. Some top retailers have perfected the system to deliver the goods within 24 hours. The spiritstyles have undergone a sea of change with positive and negative impacts. Distance is no to a greater extent a factor in communicating though computers, smart phones and e-mail. You can watch your relatives in execute through Skype and at the same time converse with them. Well, some argue that the personal touch is lost, nevertheless has it really? How do we enjoy the glib talk of the sales personnel across the counter, in mouthful of their products and sell through persuasion and public relations? Who are the gainers and losers in such transactions? scientific advancement which i s the ongoing feature of the modern materialistic civilization is unstoppable. It is not necessary for us to bear away a grim picture of the situation. Materialism and spiritual values can live together sort of they must live together for the happiness of humankind. Computer Science and Information Technology is the real life landing field. Its syllabus is vast. ... I have completed Diploma in English Language from U.S. and have essential excellent communication skills in this language. Besides, I am versatile in spoken and written Arabic and English and have the ability to translate from and to in this pair of languages. I have authored a investigate paper on the subject of Internet Censorship, and secured high grade on it. My perspective about the subject and future plans I think that expertise in information technology enables one to launch the ambitious career to face life. Firstly it is the career that appeals to me and will give inner satisfaction. Inner satisfaction is the highest affirm one can aspire for in life. My ideal specialization in this subject will be programming that involves acquisition, processing all sorts of information like vocal, textual, pictorial and numerical information. To be an embedded programmer I know I need to be analytical and should apply myself meticulously to get the desired results. I realize a tough task is ahead of me. My subject is the target of white-collar crimes that are being committed by the educated and intelligent class. Hackers mostly belong to this category. On the other side, viruses are carrying on the relentless attack on the web programs. But I wish to live dangerously, in the sense that I take this as the professional challenge to develop software programs that are easy by providing debugging solutions to protect the individual and business interests. In the competitive world of business today, it is essential for the developers to build a program that is reliable as per the changing business needs, the confidentiality being the important criteria. Thus, I am opting for a subject where there are dynamic career opportunities, to move with the changing trends

Fiction Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fiction Analysis - Essay faceUpdike possibly built on the character of Sammy as an observant, typical male teen-ager. The current discourse herewith presents an analysis of the thoughts, feelings, beliefs, needs and wants that drive Sammy throughout the story.The motivational drives that embodied Sammys behavior firstborn include the biological nature of male adolescents who have developed sexual wittingness, as evidenced from his apparent expound observation and narration of the young ladies physical features and appearances. Sammys vivid descriptive details of the teen-aged girls physical traits pore mostly, not only on what could be seen but also on what could be imagined. For instance, when Sammy described the first teen-aged girl who fancied his interest, Sammy noted that She was a chunky kid, with a good tan and a loving broad soft-looking can with those two crescents of white just under it, where the sun never seems to hit, at the go by of the backs of her legs (Updike par. 1).In addition, as a teen-aged male, Sammy also disclosed that at his age, he still was vaguely aware of how teen-aged girls think. This was evident from the statement that You never know for sure how girls top dogs work (do you really think its a mind in there or just a little buzz like a bee in a glassjar?) but you got the idea she had talked the other two into coming in here with her, and now she was presentation them how to do it, walk slow and hold yourself straight (Updike par. 2). The way that the three teen-aged girls walked and behaved apparently intrigued Sammy too a lot and confirmed his initial thoughts that as a member of the male species, he never could understand how females think.another(prenominal) behavior that was exhibited by the protagonist was Sammys apparent need to belong to be accepted as a hero to be acknowledged as favoring other teen-agers of

10 Reasons to Oppose the Death Penalty Essay Example for Free

10 Reasons to Oppose the finis Penalty Essayingenuousness and the closing PenaltyThe wrongful execution of an innocent person is an injustice that can never be rectified. Since the reinstatement of the death penalty, 139 men and women have been released from death row nationally.The High Cost of the remainder PenaltyIt cost far much to execute a person than to keep him or her in prison for life.Death Penalty Can Prolong Suffering for Victims FamiliesMany family members who have lost love ones to murder savour that the death penalty will not heal their wounds nor will it end their pain the extended sub judice process prior to executions can prolong the agony experienced by the victims families. International Views on the Death PenaltyThe vast majority of countries in Western Europe, North America and South America more than 139 nations worldwide have abandoned outstanding punishment in law or in practice. understaffed Legal RepresentationPerhaps the most important factor in ascertain whether a suspect will receive the death penalty is the quality of the representation he or she is provided.Deterrencescientific studies have consistently failed to demonstrate that executions deter people from committing offence anymore than long prison sentences. impishness in the Application of the Death PenaltyPolitics, quality of legal counsel and the jurisdiction where a crime is committed are more often the determining factors in a death penalty display case than the facts of the crime itself.Religious Perspectives on the Death PenaltyAlthough isolated passages of religious scripture have been quoted in support of the death penalty, almost all religious groups in the United States regard executions as immoral.racial DisparitiesThe race of the victim and the race of the defendant in capital cases are major factors in determining who is sentenced to die in this country. In 1990 a report from the General Accounting Office concluded that in 82 percent of the studi es reviewed, race of the victim was found to influence the likelihood of being charged with capital murder or receiving the death penalty, i.e. those who murdered whites were more likely to be sentenced to death than those who murdered blacks.Alternatives to the Death PenaltyIn every state that retains the death penalty, jurors have the option of sentencing convicted capital murderers to life in prison without the possibility of parole. The sentence is cheaper to tax-payers and keeps violent offenders off the streets for good.

The Human Tragedy Essay Example for Free

The benevolent Tragedy EssayThe Human Tragedy Shakespeares, Othello, met his tragic demise as a result of the combining of fate, forces beyond his control, and his own fatal flaws. From a Classical Greek standpoint, Othello was a victim of destiny and of forces for which he could non control, which is the premise of a tragedy. For example, Greek Classicist, Aristotle wrote, All the elements of an Epic poem are found in Tragedy, but the elements of a Tragedy are not all found in the Epic poem. It was Othellos fate to kill his wife, Desdemona, and and then to kill himself as it was his predetermined destiny, determined by the highest of powers and forces beyond his control. For example, Othello could not control with whom he fell in love him, Othello could not control his skin color and he could not control the envy and jealousy that Lago had towards him, all of which contributed to his final demise. Although there were forces of nature and higher powers that Othello could not c ontrol, he most certainly couldve controlled his jealously, pride and mistrusting attitude.Had Othello trusted Desdemona, he would not have succumbed to the gossip closely Desdemonas unfaithfulness. Had Othello been secure in his own skin and had he not been jealous, then perhaps the romance wouldve ended differently but, in the end, as fate and destiny al focusings precludes, Othello and Desdemona wouldve eventually died one way or another. For as Othello says in Act III, Scene III, Lines 275-276, Tis destiny unshunnable, like death Even then this forked plague is fated to us when we do quicken.

Observations of Realists Essay Example for Free

Observations of Realists Essay1) Are the observations of Realists, much(prenominal) as Hans Morgenthau, close in respect to their assessment of the importance of international integrity in contemporaneous arena politics? Realists such as Hans Morgenthau and to a greater extent recently Lloyd Gruber, base their theories on the assumption individuals, and therefore terra firmas, act ration on the wholey to protect their own interests, the national interest. They believe states subsist in a human being of anarchy without an over arching authority. While this may be the case and it certainly is for some states, it is a theory that requires review inside the context of the modern world and international law. In the world of bi-polar spot during the Cold War, Morgenthaus views interpreted the planetary mode accurately, however it is now short sighted in our time of world(prenominal)ization. Multi-National Corporations (MNC), Inter-Governmental Organisations (IGO) and Non-G overnment Organisations (NGO) play a real large part on the world stage and see countries, economies and conflicts. retardation younger theories are tending to consider the state and the worlds political climate as a holistic, interactive entity.Increased access to communication, social media and increased global wealth do to provide an environment for a better financed and informed NGO. Yet even the UN, its efficacy beingness constantly brought into doubt, plays a vital role in establishing norms and standards with the global s keep backholders. These developing theories document our planets political interaction and development and as such are constantly in a state of change. Sometimes in-sync with current standards such as international law and different times, not.Taking into account reality is one of the more established theories of international relations, we have to also consider the global climate in which the theory was established and compare that to now. Hans Mor genthau was born in Coburg, Germany 1904 and experienced two world worlds. He and his predecessors experienced states as the only actors in world politics. The joined Kingdom was exiting her great period of colonisation and was witnessing the unraveling of her empire. Meanwhile Germany was rebuilding and rising in global condition.The world was experiencing a transition into industry and pitiable forth from the traditional agriculturally driven economies. Throughout this time, the average persons existence was more concerned with subsistence. oversea phone calls and intercontinental travel were beyond the average persons reach. The importance of setting the survey here is to understand globalisation was in its infancy. To understand this helps to shape the importance other actors in world politics play. Instant communications, the Internet and global travel have made the world a smaller place.Activists, such as Green public security, basis now influence states. So much so, th e Rainbow Warrior, Green Peaces flagship, was sunk by the French spy agency, Directorate-General for External Security (DGSE), in July 1985, killing a photographer. This is an extreme example of NGO influence, yet it cannot be denied that to bomb a civilian ship highlights the shove Green Peace was placing on the international stage. Realism does not take into account all variables acting upon the state in todays day and age.When established, realism existed in a time of hygienic state actors. Today, with the ending of the Cold War that line has blurred, NGOs etc have filled that void. To understand the motivation tush the establishment of these organisations helps us to understand the influence they have. For instance, Oxfam, Amnesty International and the like have their basis within a moral social consciousness. Therefore, its easy to see why theories, such as societal Constructivism, focus on a world shaped by the influences of a nations shared out beliefs, culture and valu es.As democracy extends further and nations adopt a capitalist model to fit into the global model, the demands to maintain a balanced, humane society increase. Governments feel this pressure and so, act accordingly. An argument by neighborly Constructionist such as Barnett and Finnemore is that IGOs have the real power. As I will depute later using the US invasion of Iraq, governments still have the final say on their actions, although IGOs, NGOs and MNCs play a very large role in influencing them.Having stated this, one may counter argue this implies it is still a state verses state environment (Realism), however, the world has still evolved into government verses government verses IGOs, NGOs and MNCs, henceforth realism cannot not explain the actions of governments alone and must consider the external influences. Constructivism does so, but places the power into the hands of IGOs and the like. An alternative inevitably to be sought. Alternatives such as the European Union, whi ch remains the most successful experiment in political institution-building since the Second manhood War.Andrew Moravcsik goes on to say the EU cannot replace or aspire to the democratic status of nation states, yet their role remains embedded in monitoring accountability and extensive checks and balances upon its member states. Emerging actors such as the EU again demonstrate the changing environment and clearly level realist theories, must by reconsidered. Focusing on the institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, we can cite several occasions in which their influence has shaped global politics, whether for selfish or selfless motivations.The concept of poverty alleviation was raised by the World Bank during the 1960s and maxim the World Bank sell poverty alleviation to members through a mixture of persuasion and coercion. The crossing can established a treat highlighting the successes of poverty alleviation and cited their own programs, many o f which were to governmental organizations. The report also stated poverty alleviation programs were ineffectual and implied corruption. Albeit, this report was funded by the Ford Foundation to report on its own programs, yet I was under the impression they were given freedom to report accurately.Even though the Ford Foundation was established by Henry Fords son, and not the company itself, it still represents the power and influence a MNC can exert. These reports are not controversial, but it does go towards forming an image about governments and it is in this way influence is exerted. Furthermore, the actions of the Ford Foundation to fund relief programs, brings into point the effectiveness and validity of IGO programs. Probably the largest non-state actor is the United Nations (UN).Its governance covers many areas of international concern, United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF), World Food Program (WFP), United Nations Development Program (UNDP), United Nations towering Commis sion for Refugees (UNHCR), United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), etc. As a consequence, its membership is extensive. Whether the member states take their affiliation with the UN and its associated bodies seriously or whether they use them as a vehicle for their own heart is irrelevant.In either case, the guiltless existence of this relationship affects the outcomes of global politics. While UN peace keeping missions and other security programs are a subject for debate into the validity of the UN, it cannot be argued that President Bushs attempts to have the invasion of Iraq sanctioned in 2003 was an attempt to the have the USs actions deemed as sort out within the eyes of the global audience. The fact the US then neglectd the UNs recommendation is irrelevant, the mere attempt to legitimize the USs actions implies the states are now not the only actors within global politics.This occurrence in itself indicates in itself realism is meet outdated and the need to consider a more holistic approach. While it can be argued the UN is an Inter-Governmental Organisation (IGO) and is therefore a part or sooner a stage for governments to act upon. It must be noted the sovereignty of states, upon which realism is based, does not exist within the UN. The UN is a global entity upon which sovereign states are members, the UN in itself has now physical bounds and by its title, implies the uniting of nations as a common theme.The Neorealist and Structural Realism models may be more relevant in that they balance of power among states is considered in the UN forum, however, true Realist theories, such as those proposed by Morgenthau, are becoming less relevant based upon the increase in non-governmental actors. The development of the Realist theory and subsequent neo theories show a development of thinking and a mark of the time in which they were contrived. These theories cannot be accurate moving into the future as the benchmarks upon wh ich they are based change with the development of the world, its technology and its people.They can however, allow us to isolate specific elements of global relations, regardless of the time they were developed. I foresee a more holistic approach to global government and non-governmental relationships develop. This will allow us to consider all of the relevant stakeholders while incorporating the best of each perspective, whether it comes from a sociological, economic or political basis. Realist theories are accurate to a degree regarding world politics, however the influence they now hold on international law and global governance has become less.The role of non-state actors, facilitated by the expansion of communications and travel, namely globalization, has given bear to organisations, which previously were unable to exist. Their power varies greatly within the influence they have upon governments of the world, yet they do influence. In a world where the occupants are more aware and hold their respective governments to account for their actions, these nations cannot afford to ignore the influence of the new players in the game.

Should Teachers Be Able to Remove Disruptive Students Essay Example for Free

Should Teachers Be fitting to Remove Disruptive Students EssayWithin a democracy e realone has rights however those rights end when they are apply to abuse or hinder the rights of another person within that democracy. For instance everyone has the right to entertain themselves with a listening device on the train, yet they are asked by transit authorities to use headphones so that their right to entertainment does not violate the other passengers right to peaceful, quiet commute. It is a teachers duty to ensure that students understand these social skills that are required of them in this democratic society. So although removing a disruptive student from a classroom is sometimes viewed as the neglecting and the rejecting of that particular student it is very a lot the beginning of that students long road to having some very complex issues resolved. As was stated in one of the previous chapter, aggression and excessively disorderly conduct is more often than not the manifestat ion of some very serious emotional grievances. It gouge also be sign that the electric razor is suffering from an undiagnosed disorder.Although the latter is less likely to be the case it should not be rule verboten. Sometimes due to a lack of knowledge about a particular disorder squirt cause parents to overlook certain characteristics of a condition that their children may be exhibiting. In other cases it is the parents involuntariness to accept the facts that are presented to them concerning their child that prevents them from seeking help for their child. This unwillingness might be due to a variety of emotions including fear and denial.Whatever the case may be these children continue to battle with these disorders and completely immerse the efforts of those that are forced to share a classroom with them since there are almost always in need of much more than the classroom setting can offer them. Sadly, identifying underlying emotional conundrums can be a little more comp lex but the cooperation of the parents is also needed in this area. In cases where the parent is not able to or is not willing to cooperate with a teacher who is essay to encourage a child to exhibit more sociable behavior the teacher is left with very few options.For if that parent is not even willing to acknowledge that the behavior of his or her child is out of control, there will be attempt to try and discover what the source of the behavior might be. again the removal of that student from the classroom may encourage the parent to evaluate the seriousness of the situation and this resulting discourse might bring both the teacher and the parent one step closer to uncovering problem which is what the main focus should always be.Those who oppose giving this authority to teachers expect them to prepare lesson plans that will bring out and maintain a positive learning environment for the entire class, make sure that students are on the watch to take the ever increasing state man dated test, and still be able to constantly council and pacify students who substantiate decided to constantly disrupt the class all within the allotted six to seven bit day, which is farther broken down into forty five minute periods for each class.

Assessing the Essence of Teh Eclectic Paradigm Essay Example for Free

Assessing the Essence of Teh Eclectic paradigm EssayAspects frequently highlighted include globular media and telecommunications, global brands, worldwide yield and integrated financial markets. At the forefront of these phenomena argon Multi National Enterprises (MNEs), benefiting from the commencement of markets across the globe, and from advances in computing and internet technology, which make it workable to link far-flung activities in global networks.Considering these elements, globalization can further be delineate as the process of increasing and deepening interactions between individuals and organizations across the globe, facilitated by advancing communications technology and the opening of markets to trade and investment. Theories of International labor have attempted to explain the convergence towards a globalised world, while addressing the antithetic types of world-wide expansions. These theories have foc employ on MNEs and Foreign Direct Investment (FDIs). FDI can be defined as investment by an organization in a business in a nonher country, with a view to establishing fruit in the host country. While Raymon Vernon is cognise for his theory of Product life cycle, Stephen Hymer put emphasis on the location and ownership advantages of countries, which helped in attracting FDI from MNEs. John Dunning incorporated Internalisation to the analysis of Hymer, which became known as the Eclectic Paradigm (or OLI Paradigm), one of the most comprehensive theoretical explanations with specific focus on FDI.Still the Eclectic Paradigm is being challenged in the modern globalised world, as it fails to take into account the implications of alive modes of entry of MNEs, as well as the advantages of Alliance Capitalism. It is being discussed further in this report. Theories of International production have greatly facilitated the understanding of the globalization phenomenon. Different theorists at different time intervals attempted to unloose the expansion of MNEs across the globe.Hymer (1970) was the first one to propose that MNEs are institutions of international production rather than international capital movement. Still he ignored the natural imperfections attributed to transaction costs in an imperfect market. In like a shots world, with the proliferation on Internet use, imperfections like bureaucratic hurdles and control of distribution systems (Bain, 1956) are absent. Even the imperfections like price determinism and information transfer are shrinking.Thus it can be argued that Hymers major contribution relating to the importance of structural market imperfection in determining FDI activity does not hold good for corporations, which are expanding globally through e-channels (for instance). Vernon (1966) came up with the International Product Life rhythm method (IPLC) theory, which explained the locational dimension of FDI. According to him, production first starts in the home country fro local anaesthetic market s, and exporting is used to attain extraneous markets.As the product matures and production is standardized, production moves to less developed countries to reduce outwear costs. The basic assumption of the IPLC is that knowledge is not equally and universally distributed (Vernon, 1966). This assumption, however, is not applicable in todays world, as Vernon (1979) himself admits that there is a more perfect distribution of knowledge across the globe. He argues that firms who are global scanners follow a different trend than that of the IPL approach, because such firms have the ability to in effect scan global markets for the best factor endowments.Though, a lot has been discussed and said on the theories of International production, further none of the approaches (Hymer, Vernon, Barney) simultaneously explains the importance of resources heterogeneity, entrepreneurial competence, network governance and the rise of alliance capitalism. Thus, an overarching analytical fashion model is needed, that can synthesize these disparate views and account for the importance of location- based advantages and ownership advantages. Such a framework was developed by Dunning (1973 1988 1993) known as The Eclectic Paradigm.It is a framework that explains the growth of MNEs by manner of speaking together disparate theories. According to Dunning, the Eclectic Paradigm is less of an alternative theory of International production and more of a framework that synthesizes the essential and common characteristics of each main theoretical explanation on the growth of MNEs. For more than two decades the Eclectic Paradigm (EP) remains a widely used oecumenic framework for studying the growth of MNCs and Dunning has also continuously revised and extended the EP to explain changing facets of MNCs.Dunning (1988) has re-stated that the EP is chesty and general enough to incorporate future developments like renewed the focus on entrepreneurship and the emergence of global networks (Dun ning, 1995). The Eclectic Paradigm explains that the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and growth of multinational corporations (MNCs) is linked to the extent and reputation of ownership-specific advantages of the firm, the extent and nature of location bound endowments, and the extent to which markets for these advantages are best internalized by the from itself.In short, it is the var. of these Ownership (O), Location (L) and Internalization (I) advantages that determines a firms international production and growth. In a somewhat updated version, Dunning (1988) describes the three essential factors for international expansion * Ownership Advantages are unique competitive or monopolistic advantages, typically developed in the home market, that permit the firm to compete successfully in overseas markets.These factors are of two types Asset Advantages arise from proprietary ownership of unique assets protected by structural market distortions, and Transactional advantages provide a u nique capacity to capture value from the transaction benefits of owning a network of assets located in different countries. * Location factors, tied to the local foreign market, which make production in the host country preferable. These are immobile factors, such as cheaper labour, high shipping costs, local image or trade barriers, that can be combined with transferable intermediate ownership assets to feed superior products. Internalisation factors, typically related to the industry, score transactional market failure in transferring ownership advantages to foreign markets. This also explains the naming of the EP as the OLI configuration as well. The eclectic model, then, pulled together the key elements of neo-classical theory location, industrial organisation theory monopolistic advantage and internalization theory transactional efficiency. It used this eclectic mix to produce an internally consistent, compelling and testable model of the multinational firm and its strateg ic processes.

21th Bled eConference eCollaboration Essay Example for Free

21th Bled eConference eCollaboration Essay1 IntroductionThis is not a search paper. Rather, it is a doctrine report in which I describe the use of the so called beer distri plainlyion biz (or beer naughty) a logistics and come measurement up concatenation simulation stake in article of belief business-to-business eCommerce. The aim of the paper is twofold First, I deficiency to demonstrate how the beer spicy toilet be apply to leave behind students with a to a greater extent than profound understanding of the reasons w herefore eCommerce technologies atomic number 18 utilize in contemporary hand over orbits to exchange entropy and to facilitate collaboration. Second, I want to sh be both my charter gots and my materials for employ the beer high in eCommerce courses with the IS community, i.e. those scholars that teach (business-to-business) eCommerce or al small(a) image anxiety courses. The beergame is a use of goods and modifyments- gather simu lation game in which students enact a four stage grant arrange. The occupation of this translate fibril is to produce and bring through units of beer the situationory produces and the other three stages deliver the beer units until it reaches the guest at the downstream end of the range of a function of mountains. In doing so, the aim of the toyers is rather saucer-eyed each of the four groups has to fulfil the in(prenominal) distinguishs of beer byplacing assures with the following upstream party. Since conference and collaboration is not allowed betwixt lend grasp stages, the fiddleers invaria588bly relieve unmatchableself the so called bullwhip give awaylet. With bullwhip we refer to the outcome that the beat of periodical orders amplifies upstream in the provide kitchen stove towards the performance end, thereof causing a range of operational tasks. The bullwhip magnetic core is a vigorous-known phenomenon and a declamatory symptom of coordinati on problems in supply bonds. In using the beergame to create the bullwhip effect students experience front hand, not provided the problems of lack of info sharing and collaboration in supply twines, but in like manner the principal(prenominal) causes for the mental home of the bullwhip effect. Henceforth, in introducing eCommerce measures in the later academic terms of the course, students toilet furbish up to these topics through their own experiences. The paper ties in with a recent handling on the ISWorld eMail list on how to make relevant IS teaching for students with circumstantial or no pragmatical experience. In teaching schooling systems (IS) and specifically B2B eCommerce we much experience problems of making relevant those topics for students. The challenge is to get them to appreciate the relevance of IS and to a fault to provide them, not only with a superficial knowledge of the topics, but with a more(prenominal)(prenominal) profound understanding of the reasons why eCommerce technologies are use in practice. Against this mainstaydrop I want to show how the beergame whoremaster help demonstrating the role and need of eCommerce technologies in a topic area in which the students not only lack practical knowledge (i.e. with indirect requests to supply chains), but exemplaryly to a fault do not need their own lay of reference to be able to relate to the topics we teach. To this end, I allow introduce the beergame, demonstrate its use in a classroom unsex upting, posture typical results created by playing the game and show how I embed the game in a typical B2B eCommerce syllabus. I begin with introducing the game and the bullwhip effect (in theatrical role 2). In section 3, I past describe the application of the beergame in a classroom setting I give an overview of a beergame posing and present typical results. Section 4 demonstrates how typical supply chain problems (and the causes of the bullwhip effect) preempt be deduced from the beergame experience in order to motivate the g roughlywork of eCommerce measures for improving supply chaincoordination. The section is concluded by a synopsis of typical eCommerce topics that keister follow the beergame in a typical B2B syllabus (section 4.3).2 The BeergameIn the following I will branch give a brief introduction to the bullwhip effect before I introduce the beergame itself, i.e. its business relationship, geomorphologic frame-up and the rules of the game.2.1 Bullwhip effect as symptom of typical supply chain problems The bullwhip effect is a well-known symptom of typical coordination problems in ( traditionalistic) supply chains. It refers to the effect that the amount of periodical orders amplifies as wholeness moves upstream in the supply chain towards the labor end (Lee, Padmanabhan belt 1997a). Even in the face of s dis opticen node beg belittled variations in consume at the retail end tend to dramatically amplify upstream the suppl y chain with the effect that order amounts are very erratic, and apprise be very high in whizz week and almost zero in the following week. This phenomenon was discovered and first depict by Forrester (1961) who did research into the relationship between ordering and straining keeping patterns using simulation presents (Warburton 2004). The term itself was first coined a round almost 1990 when ProcterGamble perceived erratic and amplified order patters in its supply chain for 589baby diapers. The effect is also known by the names whiplash or whipsaw effect (Lee, Padmanabhan Whang 1997a), which refers metaphorically to the visual image of order patterns woful upstream the supply chain (see figure 3). As a consequence of the bullwhip effect a range of inefficiencies occur passim the supply chain, e.g. high ( sanctuary) short letter levels, poor customer service levels, poor capacity utilisation, aggravated problems with drive portent, and ultimately high be and low levels of inter-firm trust (Chopra Meindl 2001 Lee, Padmanabhan Whang 1997a). While the effect is not new and a lot of research has been conducted and supply chain projects have been initiated since its discovery, it is still a measurely and pressing problem in contemporary supply chains. Various research studies have quantified the effect and estimate that profitability in most supply chains faculty improve by up to 30% by eliminating the bullwhip effect (Metters 1997McCullen Towill 2002).2.2 Beergame setup and rulesHaving introduced the bullwhip effect and its implications for the supply chain and its players I will now introduce the beergame, its setup and rules. I begin by providing a brief history of the game before I present the general building and the rules of the game. 2.2.1 History of the beergame The beergame (or beer distribution game) was skipperly invented in the 1960s by Jay Forrester at MIT as a result of his work on system dynamics (see Forrester 1957). While the o riginal goal of the simulation game was to research the effect of systems structures on the behaviour of pile (structure creates behaviour), the game can also be used to demonstrate the arrive ats of randomness sharing, supply chain farement, and eCollaboration in the supply chain (Li Simchi-Levi 2002). A range of dissimilar forms of the beergame have emerged over the years. The original beergame was realised as a board game (Sterman 1989). Meanwhile a shelve version (Ossimitz, Kreisler Zoltan 2002) and also computerised simulations (Hieber Hartel 2003) have been developed. In this paper I predominantly draw on a slacken version, which I adapted from the so called Klagenfurt design (cp. Ossimitz, Kreisler Zoltan 2002) the structural setup of the table version is shown in figures 1 and 2. I will briefly discourse advantages and disadvantages of the different game versions in chapter 3.1 where I discuss the administration of the beergame in a classroom setting. 2.2.2 Gene ral structure of the game The beergame simulates a supply chain that consists of four stages (retailer, wholesaler, allocator and pulverisation), each of which is played by one or better two or three players (Goodwin Franklin senior 1994). Hence, a supply chain is typically played by 8 to 12 people, while more than one supply chain can be administered in one class at the alike conviction. The task of each supply chain is to produce and deliver units of beer the itemory produces and the other three stages deliver the beer units until it reaches the orthogonal customer at the downstream end of the supply chain. In doing so, the aim of the players is rather simple each sub group has to fulfil the incoming orders of beer. The retailer receives an externally predetermined customer bespeak and slurs orders with the wholesaler the wholesaler sends orders to the distributor, who orders fromthe factory the factory at colossal last 590produces the beer. Hence, orders menstruum in the upstream direction, while deliveries flow in the downstream direction of the supply chain. An important structural aspect of the game is endure (i.e. time lag) in order to account for logistics and action time. Each delivery (and production order) requires two rounds until they are finally delivered to the next stage. In the structural setup of the game this is represented by two transportation system delay fields located in between the supply chain stages as well as at the production end (figure 1). Order flow tickDelayDelayDelaymanufacturing plant FactoryDistributor DistributorWholesaler Wholesaler retail merchant RetailerProduct flow get word 1 yield chain setup in the beergame table versionStudentOutgoing order lie with with sheetIncoming orderWholesalerDelayDistributor DistributorOutgoing deliveryDelayFactoryIncoming deliveryStudentStudentFigure 2 Detailed table layout 2.2.3 Rules of the game The game is played in rounds, which simulates weeks. In each round the follow ing footfalls have to be carried out by the players 1) receive incoming orders, 2) receive incoming deliveries, 3) update play sheets (outstanding deliveries and scrutinize), 4) send out deliveries, and finally 5) decide on the amount to be ordered. In doing so, deciding on each rounds order amount is effectively the only decision that players are able to make throughout the game everything else follows a set of fixed rules. The first rule is that every order has to be fulfilled, both directly (should the players armourying be giant comme il faut) or later in subsequent rounds. In the latter(prenominal) case, players have to keep track of their backlog (backorder) (Coakley et al. 1998). Secondly, inventory and backlog incur cost each item in stock costs EUR 0.50 per week, while each item on backlog costs EUR 1.00. Consequently, the autochthonic aim of each subgroup is to keep their costs low. Hence, the optimal strategy for the players is to run their business with as litt le stock as possible without being forced to move into backorder. Thirdly, players are notallowed to communicate. The only breeding they are allowed to exchange is the order amount there is no transparency as to what stock levels or actual customer demand is only the retailer knows the external demand (Rafaeli et al. 2003). Moreover, the game is based on the simplification of unlimited capacity (in stock keep591ing, production and transportation) and unlimited access to raw materials at the production end (Hieber Hartel 2003). 2.2.4 The external demand In playing the game the external demand is predetermined and commonly does not vary greatly. In the beginning, the supply chain is pre-initialised with inventory levels (e.g. 15 units), orders (e.g. 5 units) and beer units in the shipping delay fields (e.g. 5 units). In order to induce the bullwhip effect to the supply chain the external demand remains stable for a a couple of(prenominal) rounds (e.g. 5 units for 5 rounds) before it suddenly shows one steep increase (jumps to 9 units) before it remains stable again at this high level for the remainder of the game (usually 40 to 50 rounds in total). However, the one increase in external demand is enough to induce variance into the supply chain, which will inevitably star topology to the creation of the bullwhip effect and to a destabilisation of ordering patterns throughout the supply chain.3 Using the beergame in classHaving described the idea, the structural setup, and the rules of the beergame, I will now discuss the administration of the game in a classroom setting. This is followed by the presentation of typical results generated by beergame applications in eCommerces courses. These results are very useful for deriving the causes of the bullwhip effect in discussions with students in a so-called question session (see section 4). For a session outline of a B2B course that uses the beergame please refer to appendix 2 the experiences shared in the foll owing sections are more or less based on this session outline.3.1 Administering the beergame3.1.1 Choosing a beergame version As mentioned above, different versions of the beergame survive for use in classroom settings. The traditional version isa board game in which tokens are somaticly moved on the board to represent orders and stock. The upside of the board version is that people relate well to moving actual objects. However, there are two downsides firstly, the board game is besides slow, embarrassing and complex to administer blink of an eyely and more importantly, because physical objects are used to represent inventory on the board, people enjoy an unwanted transparency of inventory levels of other supply chain stages and can thus strategically act upon their knowledge of incoming stock. The table version of the beergame was originally developed by a team at the University of Klagenfurt (Ossimitz, Kreisler Zoltan 2002). It shows several improvements to the original desi gn such(prenominal) as a leaner and more pragmatic approach to moving orders and stock in the supply chain. Essentially this is done by using paper slips on which numbers are written by the players. However, it still shows some administrative crash such as a bookkeeping person that tops stock of all things happening within the supply chain using a computer. While this functions as a built-in safety net in case something goes wrong, it is still a hurdle to the application in a classroom setting and it also slows down the game, which results in long sessions and the students being bored throughout the game. Henceforth, I have adapted the table version and essentially eliminated the bookkeeper in order to achieve a more straightforward progression of the game. The 592 guess however is that students make mistakes in calculating order amounts or stock levels using the paper play sheet. While it helps to start slowly and to doublecheck the play sheet calculations during the first few ro unds, in a few of my first beergame applications some people indeed miscalculated stock levels, which led to problems with interpreting the info later on. For this reason, right away I use MS Excel and a laptop computer on each table for people to fill in their play sheets this effectively eliminates the risk and breaks a quick progression of the game (see appendix 1 for a play sheet congressman). 3.1.2 Schedule of a beergame session The first footstep in administering the beergame is the preparations of the tables. As is illustrated in figure 2, four fields have to be marked on each table, which is done by fixing to the table 4 sheets of paper using sticky tape. The identical is done with the delay fields. Furthermore, cardboard boxes (or plasticcups) and envelopes have to be filled with small paper slips to pre-initialise the supply chain with orders and deliveries. Then, every table has to be prepared with a stack of order and delivery slips that will be used by the player s during the game. Finally, paper slips with the external demand progression (see above) have to be prepared that are pass to the retailer groups during the game. Also, for administering more than one supply chain, (student) assistants are unavoidable to help with moving boxes and envelopes during the game. The second step is briefing the students in doing so I provide a short introduction to the idea of the game, its history, structure, and rules (see above). When playing in more than one supply chain I stress the fact that groups of each stage are competing with one another (e.g. retailer vs. retailer), in order to get the students to take playing seriously. The third step is to start playing some initial trial rounds with the pre-initialised supply chain and to make sure that everyone gets used to filling in play sheets and order/delivery slips. Then, in the one-fourth step, the speed of playing the game is increased and the game is played for a number of 40 to 50 rounds. The g ame is then stopped abruptly so that the students do not have time to controvert strategically to the coming end of the game. The fifth and final part of the session is a short discussion directly after the game, where I ask students how they felt throughout the game and what they think the average customer demand was. The next session after the beergame session is the debriefing session, for which the selective information that the groups produced throughout the game has to be consolidated, plotted and analysed. Typical beergame results and their creation are presented in the next section the debriefing session is described in section 4.3.2 Typical progression and results of a beergame sessionEvery beergame session follows roughly the equivalent scheme, so that the progression of the game shows a recurring pattern. I usually start playing the game at a slow pace for people to get used to moving objects, taking stock and filling in the play sheets. What typically happens during these first few rounds is that people try to get disembarrass of some of the inventory (e.g. 15 units) in order to manage their costs therefore they often only place small orders in the beginning (for an example see weeks 1-7 in figure 3).Consequently, when the customer demand jumps to the high level in round 6 the supply chain has adjusted to a low demand scenario. After the steep increase m either retailer groups tend to wait one or two rounds in order to see if the increase is permanent (as in figure 3). When they then place the first large order they invariably initiate a bullwhip effect that perpetuates through593out the chain. Typically, the order amount increases with every stage in the supply chain (as in figure 3). What happens then is that the groups move profoundly into backorder (see figure 4), because due to the delivery delays it takes quite some time for the beer to move through the supply chain to the retail end. Getting increasingly desperate players often try t o send signals and place more large orders in the end they typically lose track of what they have ordered and order way too much. The consequence is that the supply chain is flooded with beer and the inventories overflow (see weeks 2035 in figure 4). The effect is that people cease ordering entirely e.g. a lot of very small orders are placed. This is especially true for the high stages of the supply chain (see table 1). In the end, while the retailer groups often manage to stabilise their business, the higher stages have no idea of the actual customer demand and are left frustrated. Bullwhip work70 60 50CustomerOrders 40 30 20 10 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 WeekRetailer Wholesaler Distributor FactoryFigure 3 Plot of order distribution, visualising the bullwhip effect Figure 3 shows the order distribution over 40 weeks and a typical bullwhip effect. Figure 4 shows the inventory fluctuation, with oppose inventory representing back order. Table 1 finall y shows the decrease in customer demand information upstream visualised by the average order amount by the four stages of the supply chain in this example. More importantly, theincrease in order fluctuation upstream the supply chain is illustrated by the largest amount having been ordered in each stage and the number of small orders that were placed. This translates into an increase in inventory fluctuation as well. either this information is being used in the following debriefing session to discuss the bullwhip effect, its implications and the reasons for its existence.594Out of stock = Serious lack of service level200 150 light speedInventory50 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 -50 -100 -150 WeekRetailerWholesalerDistributorFactoryFigure 4 Example of inventory fluctuation (negative inventory = backorder) Key figures Retailer Wholesaler Distributor Factory order amount (units of beer)8.338.688.759.95Largest order amount25405060 noneof small orders (0-2 unit s)4111418Inventory fluctuation range8481170 one hundred sixty-fiveTable 1 Example of key figures derived from the beergame4 L gather ining from the beergame resultsHaving presented the way in which the beergame is administered and a typical progression of the game and its results, I will now first show how a debriefing session can be used to illustrate supply chain coordination problems and to derive typical causes for the creation of the bullwhip effect. ground on these causes one can then quite easily motivate eCommerce measures and ICT-based supply chain renew initiatives that aim at cut the bullwhip effect and improving supply chain coordination.4.1 The debriefing sessionThe debriefing session follows the beergame session (see appendix 2). I usually begin the session with a brief discussion of students experiences throughout the game. Typically, the following questions are being discussed Did you feel yourself controlled by forces in the system from time to time? Or did you f eel in control? Did you find yourself blaming the groups next to you for your problems? Did you feel despair at any time? This discussion typically shows that people indeed were blaming their neighbouring supply chain partners for not doing their jobs right (either not ordering in a 595sensible way or not being able to deliver) desperation and frustration are common feelings during the last rounds of the game. A first learning from this discussion is that it is the structure of the game (i.e. the supply chain) that causes the behaviour. This is precisely what its inventor (Forrester) intended to achieve and what is referred to as the effects of systems dynamics. A second set of questions can then be discussed in order to reflect upon the beergame itself and its degree of simulating real world conditions What, if anything, is impossible about this game? Why are there order delays? Why are there production delays? Shipping delays? Why have both distributor and wholesalers why not sh ip beer directly from the factory to the retailer? Must the brewer be concerned with the solicitude of the raw materials providers? Using these questions and by stressing the fact that real-life supply chains are much more complex (a huge variety of products and supply chain partners exist, as well as complex criss-crossing networks of relationships) the students can quickly be convinced that real-life conditions favour the yield of the bullwhip to a much greaterextent and that the beergame is indeed a good vehicle to simulate the creation of the effect. Having established this necessary bit of legitimisation, the session can then proceed with presenting the beergame results and with identifying the underlying causes. Hence, the next step essentially is to present, for all supply chain groups, the selective information (table 1) and figures (3 and 4) presented above. In doing so, I typically have a very interactive and lively discussion. I ask what people thought while playing the game and what led them to, for example, place a huge order at a particular acid in the game. In discussing the extreme examples, the class usually shares a laugh, which, as a nice by-product, leads to a more casual atmosphere and contributes to setting an open tone for the remainder of the course. I also honour the benignant supply chain teams at this point in time. This is also the time where I introduce the concept of cumulated supply chain cost, e.g. by pointing out that the product at the customer end has to earn all (cumulated) costs of all supply chain parties this insight serves as a first step in establishing the idea of global thinking and chainwide optimization, which essentially requires eCollaboration technologies. At this point in the session one can then either go straight to identifying the causes and effects of the bullwhip effect (see below), or take a little (useful) detour in discussing a teaching case to corroborate the results and to give the results of the beergame some more credibility. In doing so, I use the case of Italian pasta manufacturer Barilla, one of the first documented cases in which a company launched a project to identify the causes of the bullwhip effect and to introduce some countermeasures (see Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky Simchi-Levi 2003, p. 91).4.2 Identifying the causes of the bullwhip effectThe bullwhip effect, as simulated in the beergame, is mainly caused by three underlying problems 1) a lack of information, 2) the structure of the supply chain and 3) a lack of collaboration and global optimisation. These three causes can be identify in an interactive session with the students by discussing the beergame experiences and then be corroborated with insights from practice and the literature. 5964.2.1 Lack of information In the beergame no information except for theorder amount is perpetuated up the supply chain. Henceforth, most information about customer demand is quickly lost upstream in the supply chain. Moreover, no other information is being shared. With these characteristics the beergame simulates supply chains with low levels of trust, where only little information is being shared between the parties. Without actual customer demand info, all anticipate has to rely solely on the incoming orders at each supply chain stage. In reality, in such a situation traditional forecasting methods and stock keeping strategies contribute to creating the bullwhip effect (Lee, Padmanabhan Whang 1997a Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky SimchiLevi 2003). Unexpected increases in orders from downstream partners translate into rase higher order increases upstream, because when players regard the increase to be permanent and want to avoid running out of stock, they need to update their safety stock levels hence they place an even larger order. Later, when it turns out that an increase was only temporary, safety stock levels are lowered and players might order nothing for a while, hence contributing to the bullwhip effect . 4.2.2 proviso chain structure The supply chain structure, with its design as separate stages and the long lead times, contributes to the bullwhip effect. The longer the lead time, i.e. the longer it takes for an order to lead upstream and the subsequent delivery to travel downstream, the more aggravated the bullwhip effect is likely to be. With traditional ordering, the point in time where an order is typically placed (the order point) is usually calculated by multiplying the forecasted demand with the lead time plus the safety stock amount, so that an order is placed so far in advance as to ensure service level during the time until the delivery is expected to arrive (Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky Simchi-Levi 2003). Hence, the longer the lead time is, the more pronounced an order will be as an reaction to an increase in forecasted demand (especially in conjunction with updating the safety stock levels, see above), which again contributes to the bullwhip effect. 4.2.3 Local optimisatio n Local optimisation, in terms of local forecasting and individual cost optimisation, and a lack of cooperation are at the heart of the bullwhip problem. A good example for local optimisation is the batch order phenomenon. In practice, ordering entails fix cost, e.g. ordering in full truck loads is cheaper then ordering smaller amounts. Furthermore, many suppliers ply volume discounts when ordering largeramounts. Hence, there is a certain incentive for individual players to hold back orders and only place aggregate orders. This behaviour however aggravates the problem of demand forecasting, because very little information about actual demand is transported in such batch orders. And batch ordering, of course, contributes directly to the bullwhip effect by unnecessarily inflating the orders. This might lead to lower local cost in the short term, but translates into higher overall cost at the chain level.4.3 eCommerce measures to tackle the bullwhip effectHaving identified and discuss ed the three problem areas with regard to both the beergame and their real-world counterparts, I then present three areas of improvement that directly correspond to the three problem areas 1) information sharing in terms of electronic data interchange, 2) ICT-enabled supply chain re597design, and 3) supply chain collaboration for global optimisation (see figure 5). In terms of teaching, these three bundles of eCommerce measures and initiatives can then be briefly introduced in one session (see appendix 3) or in more (technical and systemal) detail in three separate sessions (see appendix 2). In the following sections I give a brief overview of what can be part of those sessions.1 reading loss upstream the supply chainWithout direct colloquy, forecasting is based on aggregated, inaccurate information. This causes large stock, high cost, poor service levels. Improvement Efficient communication and information sharing2Supply chain structureLong lead times lead to increasing variabili ty upstream making planning nearly impossible large safety stock is required, variability increased. Slow downstream product flow causes poor service levels. Improvement Supplychain redesign processes, tasks roles3Local optimizationIndependent planning and local optimization lead to inefficiencies, such as local forecasting, batch ordering, inflated orders, etc.ImprovementCooperation to achieve global optimizationFigure 5 Summary of bullwhip causes and areas of improvement 4.3.1 Efficient communication One of the most basic learnings from the beergame is to improve information sharing along the supply chain (e.g. of point-of-sale customer demand data) information sharing is the first step towards more advanced supply chain coordination (Muckstadt et al. 2001). Henceforth, the first step in teaching eCommerce measures is to present the principles and technologies of electronic data interchange. In doing so, I first of all discuss with the students the principles of digitally mediate d alternate of goods by Johnston (1999), essentially a collection of principles for effective inter-organisational electronic data interchange, such as the once-only data entry principle or the synchronicity principle. Based on these fundamental principles I discuss the ways in which traditional document-based ordering can be ameliorateed using electronic data interchange. While these topics might seem to be outdated from a modern information systems perspective, it lays the foundation for a step-by-step increase of complexity that aims at providing the students with a more substantial knowledge of the problems and ideas behind ICT-enabled supply chain reform than can be achieved by a simple presentation of the latest communication technologies. The next step in this endeavour is to introduce technologies that are needed to enable effective inter-firm data interchange and electronic ordering, such as product numbering schemes and automatic product identification technologies. In m ost supply chains physical products have to be handled hence ways are needed to attach information to theseobjects. Consequently, I introduce the following technologies Standardised product numbering schemes Here, the history, proliferation, functioning and refer of numbering schemes such as the Universal Product Code (UPC), the European Article Numbering (EAN) law and more special598ised codes like for example container codes (SSCC) are introduced. Most of these codes today are administered by the standardisation organisation GS1 (2005). Automated product identification technologies The technology with the greatest diffusion in the market is the barcode while specialize barcodes exist in some industries, the most common one is the UCC/EAN-128 (Coyle, Bardi Langley 1996). The second, much newer technology to be discussed here is Radio Frequency based Identification (RFID). Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) EDI is the basis for electronic ordering. Here, traditional EDI standa rds, such as the UN/EDIFACT, which was jointly developed by ISO and the UN (Coyle, Bardi Langley 1996), can be discussed, as well as newer techniques such as Internet-based meshingEDI and XML-enabled order exchange. In discussions with the students these enabling communication and data exchange technologies can then be related back to the beergame experience in that they 1) speed up the order process, thus reducing lead time and 2) enable more sophisticated information sharing of POS data. Moreover, they are the basis for the next step, the ICT-enabled redesign of supply chain structures. 4.3.2 ICT-enabled supply chain reform initiatives The second building block off in dealing with the bullwhip effect comprises a range of different supply chain reform initiatives that can be subsumed under the concept of efficient replenishment. As such, two distinct types of measures can be distinguished 1) inventory management concepts that aim at changing the ways in which actors in the suppl y chain lift out their roles of stock keeping and ordering and 2) logistics concepts that aim at improving actual material and information flow. Efficient inventory management is based on the idea that suppliers have timely access to POS data and can thus eliminate traditional forecasting and change the way ordering and inventory management is carried out (Lee, Padmanabhan Whang 1997b). Three concepts with increasing degrees of complexity can be distinguished Quick repartee The idea behind this concept is for the supplier to become more responsive to changes in customer demand through thesharing of POS data. Retailers still prepare individual orders, but suppliers are better prepared. Continuous refilling Suppliers continually receive POS data from retailers to prepare shipments at agreed-upon levels. vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) Under this initiative the suppliers manage all inventory aspects for their own products at the retailer end. Suppliers decide on shipment levels without any orders from the retail end to be placed. In fact, the retailer has very little to do with the operational aspects in VMI (Waller, Johnson Davis 1999). The second type of efficient replenishment measures is efficient logistics (see Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky Simchi-Levi 2003). Here, two main building blocks can be discussed store and delivery concepts Depending on the kinds of goods that are moved along the supply chain, different kinds of warehousing and delivery can be applied in order to achieve an optimal flow of goods. Cross docking is a concept in which warehouses function as inventory coordination points rather than actual inventory storage points hence, goods are only re-shuffled 599between trucks coming in from suppliers and trucks leaving for stores. This instrument can be used for steadfast selling products. For bulk products central warehousing can be used while fresh products benefit from direct delivery. Full-blown just-in-time delivery (JIT) Most commonly found in the automotive industry, just-in-time describes a concept, whereby supplier and manufacturer align their logistics and production processes to a degree that no (or very little) inventory is needed. Goods can be directly delivered from the production at the supplier to arrive just in time to be used in production at the manufacturer end (e.g. Johnson Wood 1996). Changing the way in which inventory is managed means to effectively change the supply chain structure. For example, by implementing VMI the supply chain partners eliminate one stage of ordering, thus eradicating one step in the typical bullwhip chain of events. Moreover, by speeding up product flows using the logistics concepts lead time is being reduced, which in turn softens the bullwhip effect. Consequently, all measures discussed in this section can be directly motivated by the beergame. In presenting this block to the students I also point out, for every singly concept, the role of information systems and eBus iness technologies. 4.3.3 eCollaboration jointplanning and global optimisation The third block of eBusiness measures for tackling the bullwhip effect is the most sophisticated one and builds on the first two blocks. Global optimisation of supply chain processes can only be achieved through the collaboration of supply chain partners under a joint initiative. I present the Collaborative Planning Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR) initiative as an example from the Grocery industry (VICS 2001) and also discuss (sometimes only briefly) joint product development initiatives in the automotive industry. CPFR as a concept builds on and extends concepts such as VMI by aiming at establishing a long planning of joint promotion activities. CPFR is based on the observation that a combination of inventory management and logistics concepts (see section 4.3.2 above) can reduce the bullwhip effect for day-to-day deliveries, but that these concepts still can not cope with demand variations induced by promotion activities. Hence, CPFR aims at jointly planning promotions and to create transparency as to the expected demand increases induced by these promotions. The concept is based on the use of shared eMarketplace infrastructures, which I also discuss in some detail in this section. Again, the application of eCommerce technologies can be nicely illustrated using the beergame. 4.3.4 Summary The discussion of the three building blocks of eCommerce measures culminates in the development and presentation of an integrated model of eCommerce-based supply chain management informed by the key learnings from the beergame. The model is presented in figure 6. side by side(p) the line of argument in the last sections, it becomes obvious that the beergame can be used to motivate and patronize large parts of a typical eCommerce masters course (as in appendix 2). In the next section I draw some final conclusions and briefly reflect upon the use of the beergame in a classroom setting.600Sup ply Chain Reform Initiatives Supply Chain Reform Initiatives Tactics Operations cornerstoneImprovements ImprovementsSuppy Chain Suppy Chain problems problems trade-offs trade-offs knowledge lossJoint PlanningCPFR (promotions, product introduction), Category Mgmt, Production scheduleCollaborationStrategic alliances for global optimizationEfficient ReplenishmentInventory precaution Quick Response, CRP, VMI, SBT planICT-enabled supply Chain re-structuringS.C. structureMaterials information flow Direct delivery, Warehousing, X-dockingLocal optimizationCommunicationInformation sharing, Electronic orderingEfficient CommunicationsInfrastructure, EDI, AutoID, Product numbering, Process simplificationsFigure 6 A cosmopolitan eCommerce and supply chain model5 Conclusion and outlookI have introduced the beergame and demonstrated its value in teaching B2B eCommerce and supply chain management. To the present day, I have used the beergame mainly in eCommerce masters courses at different Universities in different national contexts. The experiences and also the teaching evaluations have eternally been domineering and very encouraging. While I believe that the beergame, and the way it is embedded in my B2B eCommerce syllabus,works well in providing students with both a profound understanding of the underlying wisdoms of eCommerce, as well as with a good overview of eCommerce measures, there is more to it than that. Playing the beergame is great fun, for the teacher and for the students, and it is always a good experience in itself. As such, the beergame is also very helpful for the general course atmosphere and the creation of positive team dynamics in the group. For the future, we are working on a software version of the beergame, which can be used in a classroom setting in the same interactive role-play style, but avoid some of the still remaining problems of the table version. While software versions today only provide a simulation (instead of role-play) mode and are not built for classroom use, a client-server software version of the game might replace the cumbersome logistics aspects (the moving of boxes) and help in gathering data that can be used for debriefing straight away. Moreover, it would be great to be able to play the beergame with different setups, e.g. with implementing effective sharing of (customer demand and inventory) data in order to demonstrate, in a second round of play, the usefulness of information sharing in reducing the bullwhip effect. To this end, our software will be flexible enough to incorporate such exploration of different supply chain modalities.11For further information please see http//www.beergame.org. 601Appendix 1 Beergame play sheet The following table shows the play sheet of a retailer group that was filled in during a beergame session. The incoming order column shows the external customer demand with its increase in round 6. During the game the students only have to fill in the dust coat columns th e incoming delivery and the incoming order are taken from the incoming paper slips, while in the your order column the students have to fill in their order decision for the respective weeks. Having done that, the play sheet shows exactly what has to be written on the outgoing order and delivery slips (in the dark columns). All orange columns are calculated automatically, so that students can easily keep track of their inventory and cost progression. After the beergame this data is then put together andconsolidated with the data that was collected in the play sheets of the other groups of the same supply chain. It is then plotted to create figures 3 and 4 and table 1 (see above). WeekIncoming DeliveryAvailableIncoming OrderYour DeliveryBackorderInventoryCost7,5 15 22,5 30 35 37 40 45 49 52 64 78 86 100 118 137 159 180 201 223 244 265 283 295 303 316 317,5 321 324,5 328 331,5 335 338,5 342 345,5 348,5 351 353 355 357Your OrderPlease fill out play slips Delivery Order0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 405 5 5 5 0 3 2 7 10 10 0 7 15 3 5 8 6 10 9 8 10 9 12 15 13 4 25 13 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 9 920 20 20 20 15 13 6 7 10 10 0 7 15 3 5 8 6 10 9 8 10 9 12 15 13 4 25 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 15 14 13 13 135 5 5 5 5 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 995 5 5 5 5 9 6 7 10 10 0 7 15 3 5 8 6 10 9 8 10 9 12 15 13 4 22 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 90 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 4 3 12 14 8 14 18 19 22 21 21 22 21 21 18 12 8 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 015 15 15 15 15 10 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 5 4 4 40 3 2 7 7 12 5 10 10 6 5 7 15 25 15 5 5 6 11 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 95 5 5 5 5 9 6 7 10 10 0 7 15 3 5 8 6 10 9 8 10 9 12 15 13 4 22 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 90 3 2 7 7 12 5 10 10 6 5 7 15 25 15 5 5 6 11 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9602Appendix 2 Syllabus for a beergame-based B2B course The following table gives an overview of how t he beergame can be incorporated in a typical (B2B) eCommerce (masters) course (e.g. 12 weeks with 3 hour sessions). The beergame and the subsequent modules can cover up to 6 sessions. After presenting the three blocks with eCommerce improvements, an additional session can be used to discuss management challenges of inter-firm collaboration, covering issues such as trust, managing interfaces, ICT standards etc. Throughout the course, cases from the grocery and the automotive industries might be used for illustration purposes and to facilitate discussions. Depending on the setting, background readings might also be handed out to the students. Sessions (3 hours) Topics / session contents1. Beergame sessiona. Introduction to supply chains (why have supply chains?) b. Beergame introduction (setup, structure, rules of the game) c. Playing the game (40-50 rounds) d. Brief discussion afterwards2. Debriefinga. Discussion of experiences and game setup b. insertion and discussion of beergame data (results) c. Teaching case Barilla bullwhip causes optional d. Identification of the three main causes of the bullwhip effect e. small presentation of three areas of improvement and the schedule for the next three sessions3. Information sharinga. Short discussion why is information sharing important? b. Principles of electronic data sharing c. Attaching information to physical goods standardised product numbering, Automated product identification technologies barcodes, RFID d. Electronic Data Interchange EDI, WebEDI, XML-based ordering4. Supply chain reforma. Overview efficient replenishment initiatives b. Efficient inventory management Quick Response, Continuous Replenishment, Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) c. Efficient Logistics Warehousing, Direct Delivery, CrossDocking d. Just-in-Time Delivery in the automotive industry Kanban5. eCollaborationa. eCollaboration in the supply chain idea and philosophy b. Collaborative Planning Forecasting Replenishment (CPFR) c. Joint produ ct development in the automotive industry6. Management of inter-firm collaborationa. Complexities of supply chain reform initiatives b. The role of trust and accessible capital in inter-firm relationships c. Interoperability of ICT d. Managing inter-firm interfaces603Appendix 3 Session outline for a beergame-based workshop The following table shows a short workshop format based on the beergame. Such a workshop can be incorporated in other (general IS) courses or be a stand-alone event, for example as an executive teaching offering. The workshop is essentially made up of two sessions the actual beergame session and a combined debriefing and learnings session. As an example industry the Grocery industry can be used to illustrate the application of the eCommerce initiatives and technologies. Sessions (3 hours) Topics / session contents1. Beergame sessiona. Introduction to supply chains (why have supply chains?) b. Beergame introduction (setup, structure, rules of the game) c. Playing the game (40 rounds) d. Discussion of experiences and game setup2. Debriefing eCommerce initiativesa. Presentation and discussion of beergame data (results) b. Identification of the three main causes of the bullwhip effect c. Discussion of three areas of improvement a. Information sharing Product numbering, AutoID, EDI b. Supply chain reform Inventory management logistics concepts c. eCollaboration CPFRd. Complexities of supply chain reform initiatives604References Chopra, S., Meindl, P. (2001) Supply-Chain Management, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Coakley, J. R., Drexler Jr., J. A., Larson, E. W., Kircher, A. E. (1998) Using a computer-based version of the beer game Lessons learned, daybook of Management Education, Vol. 22, no(prenominal) 3, pp. 416-424. Coyle, J. J., Bardi, E. J., Langley, C. J. (1996) The Management of Business Logistics (6th Ed.), St. Paul. Forrester, J. W. (1957) industrial Dynamics. A major breakthrough for decision makers, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 37-66. Forrester, J. W. 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