Economic and Social Change in Indonesia - 2179 Words

Topic 1: European economic and political expansion in Southeast Asia in the last quarter of the 20th century resulted in the greater integration of the region into the international economy. Six ‘new’ states emerged – Indonesia, Malaya, Burma, the Philippines, Indochina and Thailand. Discuss economic and social change in the region with reference to ONE Southeast Asian state. Economic and social change within Indonesia Introduction After over a quarter century of sustained economic growth, Indonesia was struck by a major economic crisis at the end of the 20th Century. This paper examines the impact of the crisis on economic and social change within the region. (Cameron 1999) The crisis, which worked its way through many of†¦show more content†¦Not only has the economy grown rapidly over the last quarter century but there has also been dramatic demographic and social change. Fertility rates have declined substantially and there have been massive investments in human capital. This can be seen in secondary school enrollment rates which have risen from a mere 6% in 1960 to more than 50% today; primary school enrollment is essentially universal. (Poppele 1999) The investments are also reflected in the health of the population: at birth, the average Indonesian today expects to live to the age of 61 which is 50% longer than he or she expected 30 years ago. Thus, the labor force has not only grown dramatical ly in size but also in quality. The consequences of these improvements are reflected in significant rising real wage levels over the last three decades. (Smith 2002) Pride in its past economic achievements and optimism about its future were suddenly challenged by the economic crisis which was accompanied by dramatic shifts in the economic and political landscape of the country. As indicated in Figure 1, the rupiah came under pressure in the last half of 1997 when the exchange rate began showing signs of weakness. After falling by half from around 2,400 per US$ to about 4,800 per US$ by December 1997, the rupiah collapsed in January 1998 when, over the course of just a few days, the exchange rate fell by 400% to Rp16,000 per US$. AlthoughShow MoreRelated Indonesian Demographic Transition Essay1563 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation control programs on demographic change were not instant, and it takes long serious effort to encourage the improvement of economic development in a country. According to Paul J. Gertler (1994, p. 33), â€Å"Population control is a key element in a country’s ability to maintain and improve its economic and social w elfare†. Furthermore, this paper intends to explain why the change of population structure has an effect on the society’s economic condition in Indonesia with examining the demographic variablesRead MoreDue to the isolation of Australia geographically, surrounding countries and their economies are1400 Words   |  6 Pagesthe isolation of Australia geographically, surrounding countries and their economies are extremely important to Australia for instances such as trade, influence and partnerships. Indonesia is one of Australia’s closest neighbours and hence there would be some obvious similarities as well as differences due to the economic status of the country’s stage of development and the role of the Government. Firstly the Australian economy is deemed one of the largest democratic economies as well as being stableRead MoreAustralia s Relationship With Indonesia1712 Words   |  7 Pagespolicies between the two nations (Wolfsohn, 1951, p. 68). 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Personally, I feel that this idea is important because I want to help make Indonesia a more developed nation and I believe that one of the most crucial steps is through helping the low income class, motivating them toRead MoreIndonesia Is An Archipelago Nation Consisting Of More Than1591 Words   |  7 PagesIndonesia is an archipelago nation consisting of more than 17,000 individual islands. Located primarily in Southeast Asia between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean with some territories located in Oceania. The total area of Indonesia is approximately 1.9 million km2, with a coastline of 81,000 km (CIA 2017). Located in the equatorial zone, Indonesia possesses a Tropical Climate. Weather and climate-related disasters can be common in Indonesia, including occasional floods, droughts, and tsunamisRead MorePrejudice and Discrimination of the Chinese in Indonesia1096 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Chine se in Indonesia Indonesia is made up of many different smaller ethnic groups. Most of these smaller groups are indigenous people of the Indonesian islands, â€Å"Javanese 40.6%, Sundanese 15%, Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Betawi 2.4%, Bugis 2.4%, Banten 2%, Banjar 1.7%, other or unspecified 29.9%.† (2000 census) Chinese people born in China and Chinese people born in Indonesia make up 2-3 percent of Indonesia’s total population. Although some Chinese people in Indonesia are still consideredRead MoreEconomics Assignment Indonesia1331 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿INTRODUCTION Indonesia plays major role in today’s economic as Indonesia is one of the countries with the biggest GDP with the 4th largest population in the world. Joining the member of G-20 major economies, Indonesia has successfully emerges as the largest economy in Southeast Asia, moreover, Indonesia also classified as a new industrialized country. Government plays substantial role through ownership of 141 state industries and enterprises, and administration of prices of basic goods such as riceRead MoreHuman Consumption Is Depleting The Earth s Natural Resources And Impairing The Capacity Of Life Supporting Ecosystems1389 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation would grow to 11 billion.(Essential Environment, Human Population,page 120). Indonesia is the 4th most populated country on the planet, making up 3.49% of the earths population, behind China, India and US ( World Population). Indonesia’s population is expected to grow to 271. 1 million in 2020 and 305.6 million in 2035, and the question is can the future Indonesia sustain this demographic burden (Indonesia s population growth: A demographic bonus or Burden)? Of particular concern are addressingRead MoreEffects of the Asian Financial Crisis on 19971006 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Asian countries had been enjoying economic growth prior to the crisis. The crisis itself started with the devaluation of Thailand’s Baht in July 1997. The Thailand government decided to float its currency in order to defend the Baht against speculative attack, despite its fixed exchange rate system. This decision was apparently the beginning of the economic downturn of many Asian countries, such as Malaysia, Philippines, Hong Kong, South Korea, and Indonesia. Before the crisis, Indonesia’s economyRead MoreBuying Patterns Or Seasonable Variations As Relevant Essay1750 Words   |  7 Pagescatalogs wear a routine that works with the public on the frequency order to predict the likelihood of continued action fidelity provide the basis for a. North Carolina positioning appeals to reproduce easily the market. †¢ Seasonal changes: In the mean time, according to the changes in demand for products, and the bar code in the form of different cycles during the time that happens. For example, demand for the indoor circuit is likely to be a year in which the need to be higher during the rainy season and